Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely used across the world as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical. Its high demand potential limitations in current methods of extraction call for an alternative method production. This review highlights glycosaminoglycan’s structure, its medical significance, animal source, disadvantages process. We cover production strategies CS precursor, chondroitin. highlight chemical synthesis, chemoenzymatic extensively discuss how strains have been successfully metabolically engineered to synthesize chondroitin sulfate. present microbial engineering best option modern also explore biosynthetic pathway multiple microbes such Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum. Lastly, we outline manipulation genes has led biosynthesis derivatives.